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A 

VIEW OF /* ^ 




AMERICAN UNITARIAN MISSIONS: 



WITH 

THOUGHTS ON THE MISSIONARY CAUSE, AND THE 
INTEREST OF UNITARIANS IN IT. 



J 



By A. C. PATTERSON. 



BOSTON : 
JAMES MUNROE AND COMPANY. 

1838. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1838, 

By James Mcnroe and Company, 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. 



3,'Aff 



The Library 

OF CONCRHSS 
WASHINGTON 



Cambridge Press: 
MetcaJf, Torry, and Ballou. 



4_n- 44 



NOTE. 



It has often been asserted in general terms, that 
Unitarians have done nothing for the cause of Mis- 
sions. The writer, having been placed in circum- 
stances which drew his attention strongly to the 
subject, and having lately the opportunity of fully 
investigating it, determined for his personal satis- 
faction to ascertain what had actually been done 
among us in furtherance of this great work. He 
accordingly drew up a minute statistical account of 
the operations of the various Missionary Societies 
of the denomination for each year during which 
they have severally existed. The principal facts 
contained in that account are given in the following 
view, which is published in its present form, as more 
interesting to the general reader than the statistical 
account, and at the suggestion of friends who be- 
lieved that the same satisfaction which the writer 
sought for himself would be gratifying to others. 
The facts have been obtained by examination of the 
records, papers, reports, and printed notices of the 
various Societies, and by conversation with persons 
who either are or have been actively engaged in 
conducting them, or intimately acquainted with their 
concerns. Great care has been taken to make every 



statement of facts as correct as possible, and the 
writer feels confident that no material inaccuracy in 
this respect -will be found in the following pages. 

Those friends who have kindly aided him by the 
loan of books and papers, or by verbal and other 
communications, will please to accept his sincere 
thanks. 

Boston, Feb. 1, 1838. 



AMERICAN UNITARIAN MISSIONS. 



To estimate rightly the efforts of Unitarians in the cause 
of Missions, the circumstances of their situation must be 
borne in mind, which have operated to confine their labors 
generally to a narrower field than that of the world. It must 
be remembered, that no church in this country was distinc- 
tively known as Unitarian, until, fifty years since, the adop- 
tion of a Unitarian Liturgy at King's Chapel in Boston, in 
1765, made that the first professedly Unitarian Church in 
America. It must be remembered, that the great exertions 
required of new societies, as they have aris'en, to sustain 
their very existence, while professing a faith unpopular with 
the many, have always made the number large of those 
whose charity must both begin and end at home. And also, 
it must not be forgotten, that both before and after the estab- 
lishment of a Missionary Society conducted by Unitarians, 
many among them have liberally aided and cooperated with 
the Missionary Societies of other denominations. "With these 
things in mind, the following general view of Missionary 
effort among the Unitarians of this country will appear in 
its just light. 



THE EVANGELICAL MISSIONARY SOCIETY. 

This was the earliest association for spreading the Gospel 
conducted by American Unitarians. It was organized thirty 
years since. Nov. 4, 1S07. But among the first Trustees of 
1* 



this Society we find names which show that some at that 
time who differed from Unitarians in doctrine, were yet will- 
ing to unite with them in supporting a society, whose catholic 
object was " to provide the destitute inhabitants of our own 
country with the means of Christian instruction and moral 
improvement ; " " and to be instrumental in erecting regular 
Churches and establishing Evangelical ministers in succes- 
sion among people, who, without their assistance, must long 
have been destitute of these blessings." The Society was 
originally limited to the counties of Worcester and Middle- 
sex, in Massachusetts. It has endeavored to accomplish its 
object by employing Missionaries and Schoolmasters, and 
distributing books and tracts. It has always displayed a 
most charitable spirit towards all classes of Christians. In 
the written instructions given to each of its Missionaries, 
they are charged " to preach the word of truth with all dili- 
gence and seriousness to those who are most destitute of 
religious instruction and most ready to accept their services, 
and also to administer all Gospel ordinances to the proper 
subjects;" "to cultivate a friendly intercourse with all 
regularly settled ministers, cautiously avoiding any interfer- 
ence with their labors by accepting the invitation of any dis- 
affected members of their parishes to preach day or evening 
lectures, and likewise to avoid speaking disrespectfully of 
any other Missionaries or Missionary Societies;" "not un- 
necessarily to enter into dispute with other denominations, 
but to commend themselves to every man's conscience in the 
sight of God by manifestation of the truth." The spirit of 
the Society is seen in the two following articles of its revised 
constitution, adopted in 1818, when some changes were made 
which will be spoken of hereafter. 

1. " This Society resolve that no persons shall be employ- 
ed as Missionaries but such as are sound in the ' faith once 
delivered to the saints,' approved for their knowledge, pru- 



dence, and piety, animated with Christian zeal, diligent in 
their proper calling, and ready to ' endure hardness, as good 
soldiers of Jesus Christ.' " 

2. " As the design of the Society is to aid similar societies 
in disseminating the knowledge of the only living and true 
God and of Jesus Christ whom he hath sent, whom to know 
is life eternal, so it will ever be ready to encourage and unite 
with them in measures for this important purpose, and to 
form the closest connexion with them." 

We give thus fully the principles and spirit of the Society, 
because very many are unacquainted with them, if indeed 
they know that the Society exists. 

Its earliest operations were limited to two or three stations 
in what was then the District of Maine, and three hundred 
dollars was the usual sum appropriated annually for the sup- 
port of Missions and Schools. In 1811, the vicinity of 
Wilksbarre, county of Luzerne, Pennsylvania, was also de- 
signated as a field of Missionary labor, but it does not appear 
that a Missionary was employed there more than a year, if 
during that time. It was the policy of the Society from the 
first to establish a fund as a basis for its future operations ; 
and in order to this, a large part of the annual receipts was 
reserved in the treasury until, on the 25th of Jan. 1813, the 
sum of 81000 was loaned by the Treasurer, which, together 
with the interest added to it continually, was to constitute a 
permanent fund. This sum has been since increased by 
further additions occasionally from the annual receipts, and 
by liberal donations from individuals. In 1S21, a donation 
of $2000 was received from an unknown individual by the 
hand of Dr. William E. Channing. In 1823, another was 
received from Lewis Tappan, Esq. of twentv-seve:i acres of 
land in the town of Colchester, Conn., which was afterwards 
sold for 8216. In 1831, 81500 from a legacy of Thompson 
Baxter were received. In 1832, a legacy of 8500 from 



8 

Mrs. Derby was received, and in 1836, a bequest of $500 
from the late Mrs. Samuel Parkman was received. In 1832, 
the permanent fund was $746991 ; and in 1836, it was 
$7138, yielding an income of four hundred dollars. 

In 1817, the Society somewhat enlarged its operations. 
And that it was beginning at that time to excite a more gen- 
eral interest appears from its semiannual meeting having 
been held in Boston, and from the receipt of large contribu- 
tions from two religious societies there, and from one also in 
Salem. This led to the alteration in its plan which took 
place the next year. Thus far, as has been stated, the So- 
ciety was limited to the counties of Worcester and Middlesex, 
and the contributions were received from a small number of 
religious societies in those counties, and from the collections 
at the annual and semiannual meetings. After that time, 
liberal contributions were received from societies in Boston, 
Salem, and other parts of the State. 

In 1818, the wish to aid the Society having been expressed 
by many not residing in the counties of Worcester and Mid- 
dlesex, it was determined to extend it so that it should em- 
brace the whole State. It accordingly took the name of the 
Evangelical Missionary Society of Massachusetts, and the 
constitution was revised to suit the new arrangement, with 
the addition especially of an article providing for the appoint- 
ment of a committee for Foreign Missions, who should " ap- 
propriate, under the control of the Society, all such funds as 
were designated by the donors for the support of Missionaries 
out of the Commonwealth, and distribute Bibles and Tracts 
given for foreign purposes." It does not, however, appear 
that this article contemplated the support of any Missionary 
without the limits of the United States. But in pursuance 
of it, the Society continued to extend its operations, and in 
the next year $870 were paid to Missionaries, and in 1S20 
there was a station in Connecticut, besides several in Massa- 
chusetts and Maine. 



In 1822, in consequence of communications relative to 
the importance and expediency of a Mission to Pensacola or 
to St. Augustine, in Florida, the Executive Committee voted 
$100 to defray the travelling expenses of any one who might 
be appointed to either station. A committee was also appoint- 
ed to make inquiries, and, if found expedient, to establish the 
Mission. It does not appear, however, that the Mission was 
ever established. 

In 1823, measures were taken to increase the contributions 
to the Society, and make it more efficient. The Trustees 
voted, to recommend a change of the name to " The Evan- 
gelical Missionary Society of Massachusetts, for the aid and 
encouragement of Parishes and Religious Societies in the 
United States;" also, that a committee be appointed to pre- 
pare and circulate as widely as possible an address to the 
Christian Public in behalf of the Society, " stating its objects, 
history, advantages, wants, the great needs of the country, 
and the obligations of Christians to do something for their 
supply ; " also, that the terms of the annual subscription be 
altered so that it may be from one dollar to five, and that the 
life subscription be raised from ten to thirty dollars ; also, 
that efforts be made to induce all the Parishes to lake up a 
collection for Domestic Missions on a given Sabbath in every 
year. The Address which was circulated in pursuance of 
the above vote stated, that there were one hundred Parishes 
which might contribute each an average of fifty dollars a 
year to the objects of the Society, making an annual sub- 
scription of $5000. At this time the Society included, besides 
the original counties, those of Suffolk, Essex, Norfolk, and 
Plymouth, and auxiliaries in Maine. The good effect of this 
movement was visible in the subsequent increase of subscrip- 
tions and attention to the Society, which in 1625 reached 
the height of its prosperity. In that year the receipts were 
$1472-81, and the appropriations for Missions and the as- 



10 

sistance of Parishes, greater than those of any former year, 
were $1410, distributed among thirteen societies. Since 
that time, the formation of new societies for similar objects 
has operated to the disadvantage of this oldest Association, 
and in 1830, but few of the applications for aid could be 
answered by appropriations on account of the diminished 
annual contributions. Only 8450 were paid for Missionary 
services to five persons during that year. For the next four 
years the appropriations considerably exceeded the annual 
receipts, and it was found necessary to draw from the per- 
manent fund to meet the pressing applications for aid which 
the Society received, as will be seen by comparing the 
amount of that fund in 1S32, with the amount in 1836. The 
expenses were retrenched as much as possible, and conse- 
quently in the latter year the appropriations were only $450, 
but fifty dollars more than the annual income of the fund. 
Measures were also taken to revive the interest in the Soci- 
ety, and in 1837, being freed from its embarrassments, 8600 
were appropriated in aid of feeble Parishes. Still the re- 
ceipts for that year, besides the income of the permanent 
fund, were only $258. But it has been recently stated that 
in New England alone, to which this Society now confines 
its operations, there are thirty-one Parishes unable to support 
the public services of the sanctuary throughout the whole of 
the year ; and it is earnestly to be hoped that renewed at- 
tention will be given to this venerable and useful Association, 
and that, with the efforts now contemplated, it may hereafter 
be the instrument of greater good, than it has been at any 
former period. 

The Society has received at various times donations of 
Books and Tracts, which it has distributed as fit opportuni- 
ties offered, besides making small appropriations for the 
purchase of the same for distribution. 

According to the constitution of 1818, individuals " who 



11 

subscribe the constitution, and pay annually into the treasury 
the sum of one dollar, and also such Churches as shall an- 
nually choose a member to represent them and pay the annual 
contribution," constitute the Society. At present, the annual 
subscription is two dollars, and the life subscription thirty 
dollars. 

In consequence of the imperfection of the existing records, 
it has been impossible to ascertain precisely the appropria- 
tions for the years 1821 and 1822. We have, therefore, 
taken for those years an average of the appropriations near 
that period ; and it is found that the expenditure of the So- 
ciety for Missions since its formation amounts to $18,924. 



THE AMERICAN UNITARIAN ASSOCIATION. 

This Association was founded May 25th, 1825. It com- 
menced under somewhat unfavorable auspices, owing to the 
short notice of its proposed formation. As soon, however, 
as its purposes became generally known, it drew to itself 
such attention and favor, as made it at once the prominent 
Society of the denomination. Great objections were indeed 
made to it by many, on account of the prejudice against all 
associations, formerly existing in the denomination to a greater 
extent than at present. These objections have somewhat im- 
peded its desired progress in past years, though they proba- 
bly have less force now. This Association has been 
hitherto rather a Tract than a Missionary Society, though 
from its foundation it has embraced both these characters ; 
but the greater part of its expenditure has been for the pub- 
lication of Tracts. It is only as a Missionary Society that 
^ we notice its operations in the present view. In the first 



12 

mentioned among the " immediate purposes of the Associa- 
tion." 

1. " To employ Missionaries, especially in such parts of 
our country as are destitute of a stated ministry." 

2. " To adopt whatever other measures may hereafter 
seem expedient, such as contributions in behalf of clergy- 
men with insufficient salaries, or in aid of building church- 
es, &c. &/C." 

In a second Address of the Executive Committee to the 
Public, they repeat that " the support of preachers in desti- 
tute sections of our country is an important object ; the 
degree to which it may be carried must depend upon the 
funds at the disposal of the Association." 

Immediately after its formation, agents were employed to 
proceed on a tour through the West and through New .Eng- 
land to ascertain the religious state and wants of the country, 
that opportunities for action might become known to the 
Association, and a proper basis be laid for future Missionary 
operations. Pecuniary aid was also extended during the 
first year in two instances in the State of Pennsylvania. 
During that year the amount received for the promotion 
of the general objects of the Association was 8 1812-17. 
The expenditure for Missions has been various in different 
years. During the first year it was $ 62566. In the year 
ending May, 1831, it was only $105, which were paid to 
four individuals. In that ending May, 1837, it was about 
$2090. 

In 1826, it appeared to the Executive Committee that 
" the situation of the poor in Boston had strong claims on 
their sympathy, as trustees of funds devoted to religious and 
benevolent purposes." Doubting, however, whether they 
would be justified in appropriating the funds of the Associ- 
ation for their relief, they proposed to the Ladies of the 
several Unitarian Churches in the city to establish a " Min- 



13 

istry at Large " for the benefit of the poor. The proposition 
was cordially received, and funds were contributed by them, 
and the care of the " Ministry " was given to the Executive 
Committee of the Association, who retained it until July, 
1834. But as the funds raised were for this special object, 
and distinct from those of the Association, we shall give a 
separate account of this Mission hereafter. 

In May, 1832, the subject of the appointment of a General 
Secretary was very fully discussed, the measure was approved, 
and a gentleman was chosen to fill the office. He, however, 
declined the appointment, as did two others chosen after him ; 
but upon the fourth trial the office was filled, and the Secre- 
tary entered on the discharge of his duties in April, 1834. 
Those duties are various ; but as an important part of them 
is of a Missionary character, we have judged it proper to 
consider $ 1000 of his salary as an annual expenditure for 
the cause of Missions. His whole salary is $1500, exclusive 
of travelling expenses. Immediately after the creation of 
this office, measures were taken to raise a fund for the Sec- 
retary's support, and subscriptions and pledges to the amount 
of nearly $20,000 were obtained. 

The Secretary, during the winter of 1836 and 1837, was 
employed in Missionary duties in the West and South, where 
several new Societies sprang up under his influence. Another 
gentleman, during the whole of the previous winter, had 
labored for the Association in the same region, while his 
pulpit at home was supplied by the Association at an expense 
of nearly $ 600. 

The subject of Missions is receiving from the Association 
much more attention than in time past, and valuable fruits 
may be expected from its present operations. 

The whole Missionary expenditure of the Association 
since its formation has been $7,511-94. The average an- 
nual expenditure, including the Missionary part of the Gen- 
2 



14 



eral Secretary's salary, has been $626. The annual aver- 
age, exclusive of the General Secretary's salary, has been 
$334-37. 



THE SOCIETY FOR OBTAINING INFORMATION RESPECTING THE 
STATE OF RELIGION IN INDIA. 

This Society was established in Feb. 1825, in conse- 
quence of the following circumstances. We learn from a 
letter of the Rajah Rammohun Roy, that after examining 
Christianity as presented to him by Trinitarians, he decided 
to reject its claims, as being too nearly allied to the Polythe- 
ism of the great mass of his own countrymen, and inferior 
to the pure Theism which he had found in the ancient San- 
scrit writings, from which he had lately published extracts 
for the benefit of his people. Soon after, the Rev. W. Adam, 
who went out from England a Baptist Missionary to India, 
engaged with Rammohun Roy as an instructer in the Greek 
and Latin languages, and also, in connexion with him and 
another gentleman of the Baptist Mission, Mr. Adam was 
employed in preparing a translation of the New Testament 
into the Bengalee ; and at his invitation, Rammohun Roy 
commenced with him a reexamination of the Scriptures, to 
determine whether they did not actually teach a system of 
faith free from the objections which decided him against 
Christianity, when it was presented to him before by Trini- 
tarians. The result of their investigation was the settlement 
of both in Unitarian views of Christianity. They immedi- 
ately contemplated an effort to establish a permanent Unita- 
rian Mission at Calcutta; the first step towards which was 
the formation of " The Calcutta Unitarian Committee " in 
Sept. 1821. This body, which at first consisted of a very 
few individuals, immediately took measures to interest the 
Unitarians in England and America in its behalf, while, in 



15 

the mean time, meetings for religious worship were held 
under its auspices, at which the Rev. Mr. Adam officiated, 
until, finding that even the liberal contributions of the few 
Unitarians in Calcutta were inadequate to his support, he 
was forced to engage in other pursuits. 

The applications of the Calcutta Unitarians for Foreign 
aid were first noticed in a letter from the Rev. Dr. Ware of 
Harvard University to Mr. Adam, dated April 24, 1823, 
containing twenty questions relative to Missions in India, and 
in another letter of similar import from the Rev. Dr. Ware 
to Rammohun Roy, bearing the same date ; to which very 
full answers were received, which inspired confidence in the 
persons engaged in the enterprise, and a strong interest in 
its success. 

In the year 1824, two sound and spirited articles on 
Foreign Missions appeared in the Christian Examiner, and 
also a Review of the above Correspondence, which probably 
contributed to the formation of " The Society for Obtaining 
Information respecting the State of Religion in India." 
The first act of this society was to remit $ 600 as their first 
annual contribution in aid of the funds for the support of a 
Missionary, with an engagement to continue the same remit- 
tance for three years certainly. Previously to this, however, 
$375, contributed for the support of a Missionary by indi- 
viduals whose names are not given, were sent to Calcutta, 
together with a donation of $100 from the " Association for 
aiding Religious Charities" in Brattle Square Church, Bos- 
ton. 

And here it is proper to add, for the purpose of showing 
the interest that was felt in this subject, that the Address 
before the Ministerial Conference in Berry Street, at its 
annual meeting in May, 1826, was upon the duty of Unita- 
rians in respect to Christianity in India; and that, upon 
motion, the following resolutions were passed. 



16 

1. " That in the opinion of the Conference the peculiar 
circumstances of India justify and require an effort in aid of 
the cause of Christianity in that country, and that the mem- 
bers use their individual exertions to promote this object." 

2. " That this Conference' do earnestly request every Uni- 
tarian Minister to communicate to his people all the infor- 
mation he has or may obtain on this interesting subject, at 
such time and in such manner as he shall himself deem 
expedient." 

3. " That any member of the Conference, who shall raise 
from his people or otherwise any funds in support of Christi- 
anity in India, be requested to forward them to the Treasurer 
of the Society for Obtaining Information respecting the State 
of Religion in India, to be applied according to the discretion 
of that Society." 

In the course of the year 1826, that Society was merged 
in a new one formed under the following circumstances. 
A meeting of persons interested in the subject of a Mission 
to India was held on the 7th of May, at the vestry in Berry 
Street, when it was resolved, "That it is expedient that 
means should now be devised by us, and, as soon as may be, 
carried into execution, for the advancement of Christianity 
in India." 

A committee was also appointed to consider whether the 
scheme for furthering this object proposed by the Calcutta 
Unitarian Committee was the best that could be adopted, or 
whether other means should be devised for its accomplish- 
ment, and to report on the 14th instant. 

The full attendance at the adjourned meeting showed a 
lively interest in the subject. The Committee reported that 
in their opinion the amount of $7500, solicited from the 
American Unitarians, would be more cheerfully contributed 
as a gift than as a loan, (which last was the form proposed 
by the Calcutta Unitarian Committee,) and that the best 



17 

mode of obtaining this amount would be a widely extended 
subscription, which would allow all who were interested in 
the object to contribute according to their ability ; and that 
the greatest satisfaction would be felt, if the subscribers to 
the fund among ourselves should have a voice in the question 
how their subscription should be invested and applied. The 
Committee therefore proposed the following resolutions, 
which, after an animated discussion, were adopted. 

1. " That funds be forthwith raised by subscription for 
the purpose of promoting Christianity in India." 

2. " That a Committee be now appointed to obtain sub- 
scriptions to this fund, who shall be authorized to call a 
meeting of the subscribers to determine upon the method of 
its investment and appropriation." 

The subscriptions obtained amounted to about $4000. 

A meeting of the subscribers to this fund was held on the 
12th of November, at the vestry in Berry Street. A com- 
mittee, appointed at a previous meeting to confer with " The 
Society for Obtaining Information respecting the State of 
Religion in India," reported that a union of the subscribers 
to this fund with that Society was practicable and expedient, 
and presented the draft of a Constitution for a new Society 
to be formed by this union, which, with some modification, 
was adopted. The name given to the union was 

THE SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTION OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA. 

Any person becomes a member by the annual subscrip- 
tion of two dollars. This society remitted $600 for the 
support of a Missionary before the close of the year 1826, 
with a pledge to remit an equal sum annually for ten years, 
expressing a strong hope of being able to continue this con- 
tribution indefinitely. Encouraged by this remittance and 
pledge, as well as by aid from Unitarians in England, the 
2* 



18 

Calcutta Unitarian Committee reestablished the Mission in 
that city, under the superintendence of the Rev. W. Adam, 
on the 1st of May, 1S27. In the following year, 1828, an- 
other remittance of $600 was sent to Calcutta for the sup- 
port of Mr. Adam ; but towards the end of that year infor- 
mation was received that he had relinquished his Missionary 
labors in that city. Several causes are said to have con- 
spired to induce him to this course. The floating character 
of a great part of the English population at Calcutta made 
the dependence to be placed on English Unitarians there 
uncertain. Mr. Adam also, it is said, being a highly con- 
scientious man, was unwilling to be enjoying the support of 
English and American Unitarians without a decided pros- 
pect of usefulness in introducing Christianity among the na- 
tives of India ; but he found that the highly respectable 
native gentlemen who attended his services and contributed 
to the support of the Mission, were, with the exception of 
Rammohun Roy, only Theists ; and that since the publica- 
tion of the extracts from their sacred books, which were 
found to teach a pure Theism, they had become inclined to 
regard their own sacred writings as superior to the Christian 
Scriptures, and of the two, the more ancient and genuine 
records of religious truth and the revelations of God ; so 
that the hope of converting them to Christianity seemed to 
him distant and small. But we learn from an intimate 
friend of Mr. Adam, that the circumstance most prejudicial 
to the success of the Mission, was the delay of English and 
American Unitarians in furnishing aid to their brethren in 
India. It will be perceived by referring to the dates, that 
nearly two years must have elapsed between the application 
from Calcutta for aid, and the arrival there of the first no- 
tice of the same, which was from America. And when it is 
remembered, that it was not till after the publication of the 
Correspondence of the Rev. Dr. Ware with Mr. Adam and 



19 

Rammohun Roy, that efficient aid was rendered, so that until 
1825 nothing important was done, it will be seen that the de- 
sired assistance could not have reached Calcutta until nearly 
four years after the application for it was made. Meanwhile, it 
had been found impossible to sustain the effort commenced 
in 1821, and the abandonment of that was discouraging; 
then, the hope of foreign aid was so long disappointed, that 
the interest of the public mind, which was fixed on the sub- 
ject at first, had been withdrawn to other objects, the spirit 
of the little body of Unitarians and their confidence of suc- 
cess was diminished, and the golden time for action had 
passed away ; so that the second attempt to establish the 
Mission was attended with difficulties, which, at an earlier 
period, would have been less formidable, perhaps surmount- 
able. 

In 1830, the two remittances sent in former years to Cal- 
cutta, amounting to $1200, were received back again by the 
Society, the resignation of Mr. Adam making the use of 
them unnecessary. Since that time the Society has held its 
funds invested and accumulating. They now amount to 
$5416 20. 

The only actual expenditure by American Unitarians for 
the Mission at Calcutta has been $ 600, the remittance of 
the Society for obtaining Information respecting the State 
of Religion in India ; $375, the donation of persons whose 
names were not given ; and $100, the gift of The Associa- 
tion for aiding Religious Charities, in the Brattle Square 
Church, Boston ; making in all $1075. 



THE MINISTRY AT LARGE IN BOSTON. 

This ministry was established, as we have before seen, 
through the agency of the Executive Committee of the 
American Unitarian Association. It was supported until 



20 

May, 1834, by the contributions of Ladies in the several Uni- 
tarian Societies of Boston ; and the funds so raised were 
devoted to this object exclusively, though the management 
of them and of the concerns of the Ministry was given to 
the Executive Committee of the Association. The first 
Missionary appointed entered on the discharge of his duties 
Nov. 5, 1826. The salary he usually received was $800. 
In 1832, information was received that, in consequence of 
his Reports, a similar Ministry had been established by 
Unitarians in London, and another was projected by the 
Unitarians of Manchester, England. In that year also, the 
health of the Missionary having become impaired by his labors, 
another gentleman was associated with him in the work, and 
the usual salary was divided between them. In 1834, the 
first appointed Missionary being obliged to leave the work 
for a time on account of his failing health, another gentleman 
commenced supplying his place. In that year also, a change 
in the mode of supporting and managing this Ministry was 
projected, as will be seen by the following extract from the 
ninth report of the American Unitarian Association. 

" It is now in contemplation to adopt measures by which 
the Executive Committee will be relieved from the care of 
this Ministry. The interest, excited in a great degree by 
the reports of the Ministers at large, in the moral and re- 
ligious wants of the poor of the city, has led to a consultation 
among the friends of benevolent action, as to the best means 
of relieving these wants. This consultation has resulted in 
a plan to effect a union of the various churches of our faith 
in the city for philanthropic objects, and it is expected that 
the plan will be carried into operation in the course of the 
coming season." 

Accordingly, soon after, the care of this Ministry devolved 
on the " Benevolent Fraternity of Churches," which held 
its first meeting for business on the 10th of July, 1834, and 



21 

assumed the liabilities of the Ministry at large from the 1st 
of May, 1834. It was composed of nine out of the thirteen 
Unitarian Societies in Boston, and was aided by contribu- 
tions from some of the other four. The "Fraternity" ap- 
pointed immediately three Missionaries ; and since its for- 
mation has annually expended, in support of this Ministry, 
about $2500. 

Connected with this Ministry, three Chapels have been 
erected, entirely, with the exception of a trifling sum, by the 
liberality of Unitarians ; while at the same time it should be 
said, that the services held in them have always been in- 
tended for all of every denomination who might choose to 
attend. The cost of Friend Street Chapel was about $3600; 
that of Pitts' Street Chapel, about $16,000; that of War- 
ren Street Chapel, nearly $20,000. This last, however, 
has ceased to be under the care of the Benevolent Fraternity 
of Churches, and the Ministry in it, having become separate 
and somewhat peculiar, we shall notice it separately. 

The expenditure in support of the Ministry at large since 
its commencement has been $13,451). 



THE MINISTRY AT LARGE IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK. 

This Ministry for the benefit of the Poor was established 
in May, 1833, and a Missionary was appointed with a salary 
of $1200. He was supported by the subscriptions of fifty- 
five individuals, yielding $1500 annually, obtained, with 
three or four exceptions, within the limits of the First Uni- 
tarian Society in that city. Three hundred dollars of the 
above fifteen, together with other voluntary offerings, con- 
stituted the poor's purse of the Missionary. The same sub- 
scribers, with very few changes, continued to support the 
Missionary until the spring of 1837, when he resigned, and 



22 

no successor has been appointed in his place on account of 
the pecuniary difficulties of the times. 

In 1836, a subscription of nearly $3000 was made by 
the Second Unitarian Society in New York, for the support 
of another Minister at large. A Missionary was appointed 
for a year, with a salary of §1500. At the expiration of the 
year, in the autumn of 1837, this Mission was also suspended 
for the same reason which led to the suspension of that in 
the First Society. It is earnestly to be hoped, however, that 
these noble works may be soon resumed. 

The amount expended in their support has been §7800. 



THE WARREN STREET CHAPEL MISSION IN BOSTON. 

This Chapel was built by the subscriptions of individuals, 
but was at first under the care of the Fraternity of Churches. 
The services have always been adapted by the officiating 
minister to the capacities and feelings of children, and but 
few adults have attended them. The minister received a 
salary of $1000 from the Fraternity of Churches. That 
body, however, having decided that the funds placed at their 
disposal were intended for adults, and not for children ex- 
clusively, and the minister being satisfied that his work of 
instructing children exclusively was a most important one 
and promised gratifying results, he was led to resign his 
office of Missionary to the Fraternity of Churches, and the 
attempt was determined upon to support the services of the 
Warren Street Chapel independently of that body. An As- 
sociation was formed for this purpose, composed of those 
who subscribed funds for the building of the Chapel, with 
others who should join them. At present, any one who 
pays five dollars annually becomes a member. The sum 
raised each year is $1600, of which the officiating minister 



23 

receives $1200 as his salary, and the other four hundred go 
to defray other expenses of the Chapel. This sum being 
contributed by persons of different denominations, and the 
services being for all children who may wish to attend, of 
every sect and name, the Mission of this Chapel is not now 
designated as Unitarian, though it is supported chiefly by 
members of that denomination. The Association for the 
support of this Chapel issue a series of small tracts suitable 
for children, which has reached the twentieth number. 
They have expended in support of Chapel services since the 
commencement of the Mission in April, 1837, about $1600. 



THE PLYMOUTH, DUXBURY, AND KINGSTON MISSIONARY 
ASSOCIATION. 

The Unitarian Societies of these three towns associated 
themselves in April, 1837, for the support of a Missionary in 
the West for six months. The Missionary went to his station 
at Hillsboro', Illinois, in the May following. The expense 
of his support has been $450. 



THE MINISTRY AT LARGE IN LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY. 

The experiment of such a Ministry has been projected by 
members of the Unitarian Society in Louisville, and $500 
have been provided to commence the work, which is delayed 
now only by tlie want of a Missionary who will take charge 
of it. 



In addition to the above it should be stated, that Unitari- 
ans have always been actively interested in " The Society 
for Propagating the Gospel among the Indians and Others 
in North America," thought to be the oldest Missionary 



24 

Society in the country, founded in Nov. 1787, which during 
the present year appropriates an income of $1500 to Western 
Missions. But this Society, being supported by persons of 
different theological views, is exclusively related to no de- 
nomination. 



In the following summary, the expenditure of the Evan- 
gelical Missionary Society, of the American Unitarian Asso- 
ciation, and of the Ministry at Large in Boston has been 
estimated up to May, 1S37, the latest date to which we have 
official accounts. The expenditure of the other Societies 
has been brought down to the present time. 

SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURE FOR MISSIONS. 

Evangelical Missionary Society . . $18,924 00 

American Unitarian Association . . 7,511 94 

For Missions in India .... 1,075 00 

Ministry at Large in Boston .... 13,450 00 

in New York . . 7,S00 00 

Warren Street Chapel ..... 1,600 00 

Plymouth, Kingston, and Duxbury Association . 450 00 

850,810 94 



THOUGHTS ON THE MISSIONARY CAUSE, AND THE 
INTEREST OF UNITARIANS IN IT. 



In pursuing the reflections suggested by the preceding 
view of Missionary effort among us, we may possibly be met 
by a skepticism in some minds upon the whole subject of 
Missions, and especially upon that of Foreign Missions. 
The Utilitarian may call it folly to engage in an enterprise 
which promises, in his view, so precarious and inadequate a 
return for the amount expended in its promotion. The In- 
different may turn away at once, without admitting thoughts 
which might break his slumber, and convince him of duty. 
And the Fanaticism, which has approached this work in a 
zeal without knowledge, may disaffect many. But neither, 
nor all of these can degrade a subject, which draws its title 
to dignity from the command of the ascending Son of God, 

" Go YE INTO ALL THE WORLD, AND PREACH THE GOSPEL 

to every creature." Neither the want of faith in some, 
nor the indifference or imprudence of others, in regard to 
this great subject, can weaken its claims with any candidly 
inquiring mind which acknowledges the paramount authority 
of the word of God. 

Our Saviour said, " I am the resurrection and the life." 
This is true, and by all Christians acknowledged to be true, 
in a moral, as well as a physical sense. The Son of God 
presents himself to us in the Gospel, as the power which is 
to regenerate the living soul of man throughout the world, 
as well as to reanimate the tribes of earth when the grave 
shall give up its dead ; as the resurrection of virtue to the 
dead soul, no less than of life to the dead body. We may 
3 



26 

have long regarded our Saviour in this light. And yet, a little 
contemplation of his words, while it shows us how wonderful 
are the truths which we believe, may bring some moving 
conceptions of duty to our view. 

" I am the resurrection and the life." From me is to go 
forth the influence, which is to raise the world from the moral 
death into which it has fallen. — Is it then true, that the 
religion of Jesus Christ is the only power which is to restore 
the image of God to the hundreds of millions of hearts, from 
which it is effaced by universal and prevailing sin ? Is this 
Sun of Righteousness the only purifying fire, which is to con- 
sume away the dross of earth, and bring heaven in its purity 
and joy to each soul ? — But how is it to be done ? — Thick 
darkness, even now, broods over the multitude of nations : 
and on no people of all the earth has more than the morning 
twilight of Christianity yet shone. Nay, the wisest and 
purest community is still but as the cloudless heaven of 
night ; scattered over its face are a few hearts from which a 
clear, bright beam of the Holy Light shines forth, but from 
the general space the rays come feebler, while at many 
points can be discerned only the faintest flickering of the 
Light. How are the Kingdoms of this World to become 
the Kingdoms of our Lord and of his Christ ? Eighteen 
centuries ago, men crucified their Divinest Benefactor. They 
would not bear the Light of the Spiritual Life. But the cross 
could not wholly extinguish that Life. A spark of it remained 
in the hearts of his few disciples. But has it burst forth into 
an all-conquering flame? The seed was sown. But has tfe 
harvest been abundantly plenteous? How many are the ad 
and sere spots, from which the Angel reapers, were thejmo 
come now, would gather no sheaves for the Heavenly garner. 
We cast our eye abroad upon the world, and ask where is 
the power of Christianity, as displayed in the institutions, 
the lives, the hearts of the nations? We wish not to make 






27 

a dark picture. We rejoice with thanksgiving to God for 
the benign influence which Christianity has shed over the 
civilized portions of the earth, and for the hopeful promise 
of yet nobler triumphs of his Son over these portions. We 
would look -with the most favorable eye upon the past and 
present influence of our religion ; for the picture needs no 
shading at our hand to deepen its gloom. We need only to 
present the fact, that of the eight hundred millions supposed 
to inhabit the earth, only two hundred millions are claimed 
as belonging to Christian countries, or as coming under a 
Christian influence. And how many of these there are, on 
whose hearts Christianity exerts a saving power, the Searcher 
of hearts alone must judge. Now we ask, what is the con- 
dition of those six hundred millions, without the limit of Gos- 
pel influence? We will not attempt to harrow the feelings, 
nor will we incur the charge of exaggeration, by revolting 
description ; but surely, as Christians, we may be permitted, 
nay, we are bound, to look upon the nations without Christi- 
anity, as our Saviour and his Apostles looked upon them. 
Idolatry has changed neither its character nor its influence 
since their time. And if any one would know how our Saviour 
and his Apostles regarded the nations under its influence, 
he has only to refer, among other passages of the New 
Testament, to the first three chapters of the Epistle to the 
mtomans ; where he will find an account, which fully sub- 
stantiates the observation of the careful student of the world's 
history, that Idolatry is the legitimate and fruitful source 
every species of abomination of which human nature is 
>able. And, moreover, he will find it to be the doctrine 
!t. Paul, that the worshippers of false gods, having turned 
iy even from the light of nature, by which, he says, " the 
lal power and Godhead of the Deity from the creation 
le world are clearly seen, being understood by the things 
>h are made," are therefore " without excuse," and in a 



28 

state of alienation and condemnation with the true God. 
We would not, however, be understood to infer from this 
statement of St. Paul, that all who die unconverted to 
Christianity are doomed to everlasting perdition. It is not 
for us to limit the mercy of God. But one thing is certain. 
We have no authority to say that they will be saved. They 
are not under the covenant which God has made in Christ. 
The promises of forgiveness have not been "visibly signed 
and sealed" to them by the reception, duly and rightly, of the 
Christian sacraments. And though God, of his infinite love, 
may save the faithful who die in the profession of a false 
religion, they will be saved by a higher power than that of 
the religion they profess ; for that religion, we know, has 
not the power to save them. For the Scripture plainly sets 
forth Jesus Christ as the " chief corner stone," and says 
expressly, " neither is there salvation in any other; for there 
is none other name under heaven given among men, where- 
by we must be saved." 

After this view of the heathen world, our question returns 
upon us with redoubled solemnity, " How are the Kingdoms 
of this World to become the Kingdoms of our Lord and of 
his Christ ? " Let us see if the Saviour or his Apostles have 
furnished us with any answer to this question. — That our 
Lord intended his religion for the whole world is evident, 
from the general tenor and spirit of the New Testament, as 
well as from passages like the command to the Apostles, 
" Go ye into all the world, and preach the Gospel to every 
creature." The beloved disciple also represents him as the 
" propitiation for the sins of the whole world." To the 
propagation of this religion our Lord devoted himself 
during the short period of his ministry. In the early part 
of this ministry, he selected twelve men to be his constant 
companions and the witnesses of his miracles, that they 
might be qualified to continue the work when he should 



29 

leave the earth. And at his ascension, he actually commit- 
ted to them the work, and constituted them his successors, 
with these memorable words ; " As my Father hath sent 
me, even so I send you." " Receive ye the Holy Ghost. 
Whose soever sins ye remit, they are remitted unto them ; 
and whose soever sins ye retain, they are retained." " All 
power is given unto me in heaven and in earth. Go ye 
therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name 
of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost; 
teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have com- 
manded you ; and lo ! I am with you alway, even unto the 
end of the world." 

Thus commissioned, and thus assured of the Saviour's per- 
petual aid, and receiving, moreover, on the day of Pentecost, 
the promised gift of the Holy Ghost, which was to guide 
them into all truth and enable them to work miracles, the 
Apostles went forth to continue the work which their Master 
had begun. And when their ministry was closing, what 
provision did they make for the further spread of the Gospel ? 
" They " also " ordained elders in every city " and succes- 
sors to themselves ; directing them also how they should 
continue the succession of teachers after their death. Thus 
St. Paul charges Timothy ; " The things that thou hast 
heard of me among many witnesses, the same commit thou 
to faithful men who shall be able to teach others also." 

Thus we arrive at a conclusion of inestimable moment. 
After our Saviour and his Apostles had carried the " un- 
speakable gift" of Christianity to a part of the world, the 
duty of carrying it to other portions was laid on those who 
had received the priceless treasure of our Holy Faith. It 
remained for the believers in Christianity to extend its tri- 
umphs throughout the earth. — But, miraculous powers hav- 
ing ceased in the Church, some may be ready to say that 
this is a work of appalling magnitude, to which the Church 
3* 



30 

is not equal. But let not such forget, that it is not human 
strength, but Divine Grace that is the efficient power here ; 
that it is not man working, that is to convert the world, but, 
as in the case of the Saviour, we speak it with reverence, it 
is God working in man. There is a faith in Human Nature, 
which puts out of view the necessity of Divine assistance ; 
and therefore, in estimating what enterprises we shall under- 
take, measures our available power by the gauge of man's 
strength. But rather should we take a scriptural view of 
this matter ; and, while we place less reliance on Human 
Nature, presume not to limit the Divine aid which shall be 
given to the efforts and prayers of unwavering Faith; re- 
membering, especially, the words of our Lord to his successors 
and representatives ; " All power is given unto me in heaven 
and in earth." " Lo ! I am with you alway, even unto the 
end of the world." 

The body of believers, the Christian Church, having thus 
been appointed to this world-redeeming office, another ques- 
tion comes before us, which cannot be approached without 
painful reflections. How has the Church fulfilled its infi- 
nitely important mission ? Has the one object kept before 
its eye, has the one principle of its action been the resurrec- 
tion of the nations from spiritual death ? Look abroad upon 
the field of the world. Where are those Legions of Light, 
led on by the banner of the Cross, which should be pressing 
forward, one mighty host, to invade the dominion of Sin, and 
dash down the ensign of blood from its towers of destruction, 
and plant upon the ramparts the snow-white sign of Peace, 
transforming them to a refuge of eternal safety to the Sin- 
conquered soul? Where are those Legions? See them — 
trying the edge of their steel on a brother's heart. See the 
Christian Church, rent in pieces, each devoting the other to 
death, persecuting with fire and sword ; rent in pieces, till 
here we are in scattered bands, so jealously independent, 



31 

that they cannot be brought to act as one with a brotherly 
affection on any interest of a common faith. Is it not time 
these evils were repaired? Time for the Church to go for- 
ward, " in unity of spirit, in the bond of peace," to fulfil the 
long neglected, most imperfectly discharged Mission, which 
the Saviour and his Apostles left in its trust? 

And now we have reached a point of near interest to our- 
selves. There is a small part of the Christian Church, which 
believes that, soon after the ministry of the Apostles closed, 
Christianity was corrupted by the admixture of a false philo- 
sophy, and that, since that time, the great majority of believers 
have held an unworthy, and, in some respects, injurious 
form of faith, instead of the pure doctrine of the Gospel. 
This small body of believers, therefore, are peculiarly situ- 
ated in regard to the duty of spreading Christianity. They 
have before them, not only the millions of the heathen world, 
yet to be brought into the fold of Christ, but also the great 
body of those already in the fold, materially ignorant, as it 
seems to them, of the religion taught by the Saviour. Here, 
then, we should look for an unparalleled interest in the 
spread of the Gospel. Here we should look for the vital 
spark, the very heart of the life of Missions. Brethren, what 
is the true state of the case? Is it for us or against us? 
On this question shall we speak, or be silent ? We are not 
persuaded that it is consistent with fidelity to our Master to 
shrink from the full consideration of this subject ; and we 
propose to look at it in the spirit of humble, candid, impartial 
self-examination ; believing this to be the surest way to im- 
provement, and convinced that such a course must also be 
the most acceptable to a community of Christians, which 
claims to be especially governed by the spirit of progress ; 
since he, who wishes to become better, is glad to be told of 
his faults, and it is only he, who slumbers contented with 
present attainments, or has resolutely set his face against 



32 

going forward, who is annoyed by the mention of deficiencies. 
The subject presents itself in the form of a question. Has 
a true Missionary spirit been manifested constantly and 
generally among American Unitarians? Many may think 
the formal statement of this question quite unnecessary, and 
be ready to allow it a negative answer, and think they find, 
in the peculiar situation of Unitarians, ample and honorable 
reasons for their doing no more for Missions than they have 
done. But while we feel obliged to say with them that a 
Missionary spirit has not been constantly and generally 
manifested, though, on the part of individuals, there have 
been most noble efforts, we cannot see that the reasons of- 
fered for our justification are sufficient. On the other hand, 
some may be ready to deny that we have been deficient in 
a true Missionary spirit, and may point to our Missionary So- 
cieties, coeval almost with the existence of the denomination, 
as a proof of their position. A brief review of the past will 
best lead us to the true knowledge of our state in regard to 
this subject. Let it be borne in mind, at the same time, that 
the question is, whether a true Missionary spirit has been 
constantly and generally manifested among us. 

In the first Missionary Society conducted by Unitarians, 
it will be remembered that only two counties of one State 
were included, for the space of ten years. The movement 
did not begin where the strength of the denomination lay ; 
and even in those counties, for several years, but three con- 
gregations were very instrumental in supporting the opera- 
tions of the Society. A long period elapsed before the 
interest of Unitarians in this immediate vicinity was excited 
in its objects ; too Jong a period to have been consistent with 
an active Missionary spirit; and, if such a spirit had existed, 
although Unitarians in Boston might have been assisting the 
" Society for Propagating the Gospel " and others, it seems 
hardly natural that they should have passed by the claims of 



33 

a Society, established and conducted by members of their 
own denomination. When, however, in 1817, they became 
sensible of its claims, and, in 1818, it was determined that 
the Society should include the whole State of Massachusetts, 
its progress was still slow; and five years after, when an 
extraordinary effort was made to increase its efficiency, we 
find that only four counties, in addition to the original two, 
were included in it, and that the annual receipts amounted 
to only about $700; whereas, in a circular issued at that 
time, (1823,) it was stated that there were one hundred 
Parishes which might each contribute fifty dollars annually, 
making an annual subscription of $5000. We can have 
no better evidence, that but a small part of the denomination, 
at that time, was interested in the operations of this Society ; 
yet it was then eight years since the final separation had 
taken place between Unitarians and other denominations, 
and the necessity of distinct action on the part of the former 
must have long been obvious. A strong impression was, 
however, made by the effort in 1823, and in two years after 
we find the annual receipts doubled, and the Society in the 
most prosperous state it has ever seen. In 1825, $1473 
were received, and $1410 were appropriated. From this 
time it gradually declined until the recent effort to revive its 
former usefulness. Why did it decline? The records say, 
in consequence of the formation of other similar socie- 
ties. Those must have been the American Unitarian Asso- 
ciation, and the Society for the Promotion of Christianity in 
India. But neither of these was a substitute for the one in 
question, the Evangelical Missionary Society, nor did they 
make it at all the less necessary. They contemplated similar 
objects it is true, but not the same object. The American 
Unitarian Association, in its Missionary operations, looked 
almost wholly to the South and West, and left the Evangeli- 
cal Missionary Society still in the occupancy of New England 



34 

as a field of labor, which it has retained to the present time. 
And if its supporters had felt a strong and intelligent interest 
in its object, how could they have suffered it to languish as 
they have done, especially when, in 1827, it was determined 
to be inexpedient to unite the Society with the American 
Unitarian Association 1 The immediate withdrawal of sub- 
scriptions from the Society, as soon as the latter Associa- 
tion was formed, obviously indicates the limited number of 
persons interested in Missionary efforts, and shows also, that 
many probably subscribed to it as they would to anything 
else, simply on being asked, without a distinct appreciation 
of its objects or interest in them ; otherwise, they would have 
seen that their contributions were none the less necessary 
after the Unitarian Association was formed than they were 
before ; and, certainly, the very low terms of subscription to 
both of these Societies could not have been so burdensome 
to many, as to have made them feel that they could assist 
only one. The evil, which has ensued from the neglect of 
the Evangelical Missionary Society, may be inferred from 
the fact, that in those years lately when its appropriations 
have been the smallest, there has been at the same time do 
aid given by the Unitarian Association to Parishes usually 
assisted by the former Society. And the earnest appeals of 
Parishes from which it was found necessary to withhold aid, 
testify yet more strongly to the evil. In 1828, twelve indi- 
viduals received 81124. The next year, the appropriations 
were reduced more than one half. And in four of the later 
years they have been only from 8 400 to 8 500, received by 
from five to seven persons. And yet, to compensate for this 
reduction, there has been no relief from any other quarter, 
and Societies, formerly assisted, have been obliged to suspend 
the services of the sanctuary in part, if not entirely. Feeble 
Parishes of New England, for the last seven years, have, 
with two or three exceptions, been wholly dependent on the 



35 

Evangelical Missionary Society for aid. And yet it has been 
recently stated that there are thirty-one such Parishes. How 
inadequate that Society must be to the call which presses 
upon it, and which ought to be met, every one can see. 
Does the history of that Society evince that a Missionary 
spirit has been constantly and generally manifested among 
us? 

We turn to the American Unitarian Association. And 
here it is observable, that, while the early addresses of the 
Executive Committee state that "the support of preachers 
in distant sections of the country, which are destitute of a 
stated ministry, is an important object, and that the extent 
to which it may be carried will depend upon the funds of 
the Association," the actual expenditure for this object has 
been extremely small, compared with the whole expendi- 
ture of the Association. As we have already stated, the 
main appropriations have been for (he publication of Tracts. 
But at the same time, there has been a balance remaining in 
the treasury, every year, after all the expenses were paid. 
This balance, in 1832, was as small as 8176-33, but it has 
generally been as large as 81000, and in 1837 it was 
8 3011-00. The average of the balances remaining in the 
treasury at the end of each year, during the twelve years 
since the Society was formed, is 81194-28. And further, 
this is to be understood only of the funds subject to general 
appropriation, and exclusively of the Fund for the Ministry 
at Large and the General Agency Fun 1, which were kept 
inviolate for their special objects. So that it appears, that 
from the funds subject to appropriation for general Mission- 
ary operations, but a small amount has actually been ex- 
pended for that object ; and that the appropriations of each 
year have borne but a small proportion generally to the 
amount which might have been appropriated, and, in the 
last two or three years, but a very small proportion. Thus, 



36 

for the year ending May, 1837, the general Missionary ap- 
propriations were only $590, while, after all the expenses of 
the year were paid, a balance remained in the treasury of 
$3011-66; more than five times the amount of the Mis- 
sionary appropriations. From this it would appear, that the 
Missionary department of the Association has received a 
smaller share of attention than its importance merits, and 
less, perhaps, than was intended at the formation of the As- 
sociation ; far less, it will seem to the reader, than the means 
at the command of the Association would warrant. But 
with regard to the last remark, it is proper here to notice 
the statement of the Executive Committee, explaining the 
reason of the large balances in the treasury for the last two 
or three years. They say that they have been ready and 
anxious to send out missionaries, but have been wholly 
unable to find suitable men who would go. This statement, 
while it exonerates the Committee, deserves consideration, 
and suggests two or three remarks. This difficulty of ob- 
taining Missionaries must be owing to one or more of these 
three causes ; either there are not persons otherwise so dis- 
engaged that they could enter upon this work ; or the diffi- 
culties and trials of the enterprise are such as to deter them ; 
or the pecuniary compensation is so small that they cannot, 
consistently with an indispensable regard to prudence, ven- 
ture upon the expedition, however they might wish to do so. 
The first of these causes is undoubtedly operative to some 
extent, and it is the general opinion that the number edu- 
cated for the ministry among us is much too small to meet 
the wants of the denomination. The second cause we do 
not believe operates, to any extent, to the prejudice of the 
Missionary enterprise among us. Devoted spirits are not 
wanting, who would be ready to encounter any difficulties 
that should obstruct their path. With regard to the third 
cause, we think it is worthy of consideration, whether it 



37 

may not reasonably present an obstacle to the efficient 
prosecution of our Missions. Obviously, the Missionary 
must be supported. But the clergyman, generally, is without 
means, except such as are derived from his profession. And 
from a cause which will involve him in debt, a minister thus 
situated is impelled, by every consideration of justice and of 
his own peace, to turn away. For, in the present state of 
public opinion, having little or no resource but his profession 
to enable him to throw off the debt, his prospect of relief is 
well nigh hopeless. Keeping this in view, if we turn to the 
Reports of the Association, we shall find that the Mission- 
ary appropriation to each individual has in no one year 
exceeded $ 100, except in two instances, while it has often 
been only $ 25 or $ 50. In the two instances excepted, the 
appropriations were for the supply of the pulpits of minis- 
ters who were performing Missionary duty for the Associa- 
tion. But the stations at which Missionary duty has been 
performed have been often very distant, as, for instance, at 
Savannah and St. Louis ; yet the compensation has been 
only at the rate of ten dollars for each Sunday on which the 
Missionary preached, while generally, no provision has been 
made for the expenses of travel to and from the distant 
stations. In most cases of Western Missionary service, the 
allowance of the Association has barely been sufficient to 
enable the minister to reach his distant station, while his 
support there, and the actual compensation for his services, 
and the expense of his return, if his stay was to be tempora- 
ry, must be provided for by the little company to whom he 
ministered, or by himself. Doubtless it will be asked, how 
then have those distant churches been planted ? The way 
is this. Persons who have been willing to travel at their 
own expense, and invalids who have been obliged to avoid 
the inclement winter ot the north, have officiated for com- 
paratively a few Sundays, until a Society was organized, 
4 



38 

which directly took upon itself the support of a minister. 
The Association has paid them for the Sundays on which 
they preached, while the efforts of the little flock thus gath- 
ered and their own purse have defrayed the heavy expenses 
of their journeys. The truth is, the service of those distant 
Missions is an expensive service. Is it then surprising that 
few are to be obtained to engage in it? Is not the reason 
obvious, when it is observed how few have the means to 
engage in it? On the other hand, are not the pecuniary 
sacrifices, which have been made in this service, good evi- 
dence that there is no want of interest in the work on the 
part of the laborers? And further, are not the noble efforts, 
which have been made by those little distant bands to sup- 
port religious services, ample encouragement to the Mission- 
ary to apply himself to this work, if he were properly assisted 
and sustained by the Association, until his flock became 
strong enough to support itself entirely ? The establishment 
of a religious society on new ground is not the work of a 
few days ; and especially, in a recently settled and growing 
community, a society may require assistance at its founda- 
tion, which in a few years may be able, not only to support 
itself alone, but also to extend a fostering aid to others. In 
such a case, is it not important that the Missionary, besides 
being sent free of expense to his distant station, should also 
be assured, that such part of a decent maintenance as his 
little flock cannot give, shall be furnished to him by the 
Association, so that anxiety for his support may be dispelled, 
and he be able to sow in hope, and patiently labor with a 
sustained effort ? Such continued labors would be almost 
absolutely certain of producing the desired fruits, and the 
Association might receive at length into its treasury, from 
such societies, a copious return for its fostering care. Let 
it be ascertained each year how much the new society can 
pay for the support of their minister, and let the Association 



39 

add to that such a stipend, as will enable the Missionary to 
live with comfort and peace. And as the society grows in 
strength, let the stipend be diminished, and when the flock 
can bear its own burdens, let it be wholly withdrawn. But 
it must be obvious to any one who examines the Missionary 
operations of the Association, that they have fallen far short 
of this. We speak of our Missions in the West, while, in 
truth, the Association has not supported a single person en- 
tirely as a Missionary there, and has employed there only 
one person for so long a space as four or five months, in 
addition to the one visit of the General Secretary to that 
region during the four years his office has existed. As to 
the rest, all that has been done has been to pay about twenty 
persons from $25 to $150 each, for preaching a few times 
in different places of that region during the space of twelve 
years. 

The explanation of the Committee leads to a further re- 
mark. The Association has, in some instances, given aid to 
Parishes in New England. Now it would seem, that, while 
no Missionaries could be obtained, the surplus balances in 
later years would have greatly relieved some Western socie- 
ties, which have been known to labor hard to support them- 
selves, and also, those New England Parishes, which the 
failing strength of the Evangelical Missionary Society has 
left destitute of their accustomed means of sustaining re- 
ligious worship. It has been in these later years, while the 
balances of the Association have been the largest, that the 
means of the Evangelical Missionary Society have been 
the least. Precedent admitted that the Association should 
assist these feeble Parishes. And how obvious was the 
necessity. In the year ending May, 1S35, the aid given by 
the Evangelical Missionary Society was reduced to 8400, 
while the Missionary appropriations of the Association, that 
year, were only $50 for preaching at St. Louis, and 650 for 



40 

preaching at Savannah, and the balance in the treasury at 
the end of the year, subject to such appropriation, was 
$1176. How would this sum have cheered the hearts of 
many, who were obliged that year to see their house of prayer 
stand solitary and silent. How should these things have 
escaped the observation of an active Missionary zeal? 

We have not noticed, in these remarks, that proportion of 
the General Secretary's salary, which we considered as a 
compensation for Missionary services, as that is provided for 
by a separate fund, and does not affect the ability of the 
Association to.support Missionaries from its general funds; 
and these are the only funds of which we have spoken. 
With regard to the General Agency fund, however, it may 
be remarked, that those, who were present at the meetings 
held to discuss the propriety of establishing that office, will 
remember that the amount, actually realized for its support, 
fell far short of the sum intended to be raised, and the ex- 
pectations of the projectors of the measure were considerably 
disappointed, although the measure was by all acknowledged 
to be of tha highest importance, and the most beneficial 
effects were anticipated from its operation. 

We may look with more satisfaction upon the next chapter 
in the history of our Missions. The Ministries at Large, in 
the cities of Boston and New York, have been carried for- 
ward with a zeal and constancy truly praiseworthy and 
Christian. And the blessed fruits they are seen to have 
produced, seem to be an ample security that they will be 
continued with a steady and increasing zeal. In truth, in 
this Mission, we seem to have walked rather by sight than 
by faith. The good effects of it have been so immediate 
and obvious, that we have hardly been obliged to wait in 
faith for the Divine blessing on our work and labor of love. 
And we regret that there should be the single symptom of 
doubtful progress in this work, found in the suspension of the 



41 

Mission in the city of New York. We know that the Uni- 
tarian Societies there have suffered severely by the general 
embarrassments of the times. But we have seen, among 
some other communities of Christians, the noble resolution 
taken and acted upon, that retrenchment should be made in 
all other expenses not absolutely necessary, before their con- 
tributions should be withdrawn from the cause of Missions 
and Christian charity. It is an example worthy of imita- 
tion. 

While, .however, we may indulge a just satisfaction in 
view of these Ministries at Large, and while we have no rea- 
son to doubt that they have been supported by a spirit of the 
purest philanthropy, still it must be obvious to any one who 
reflects upon it, that this Ministry, by its very nature, affords 
the lowest test of a true Missionary spirit. It is supported 
by the community in the midst of which its beneficent opera- 
tion takes place. Various motives, therefore, will induce to 
its support, some less disinterested than others, and this, too, 
often without the person contributing being conscious of 
any alloy in his philanthropy. Many persons will do much 
to build up honorable and benevolent institutions in their 
own city, whose contributions would be small towards the 
support of similar institutions in other cities. Every citizen 
also, who reflects at all, must see that the prosperity and 
safety of his city depends much on good morals and Chris- 
tian principle in the numerous class of its poor. The dis- 
tress and degradation of this class, moreover, is ever before 
him in his daily walks, impelling him to do something in 
their behalf; and while the community which responds to 
this call upon its sympathy deserves all praise, the commu- 
nity that is insensible to the call must be considered ex- 
tremely deficient in the spirit of the Gospel. Every one has 
an interest at stake in the happiness, contentment, and 
Christian principle of the poor in the city where he dwells. 
4* 



42 

Therefore, while this kind of Mission may be supported by 
the purest motives, it yet is but the lowest test of a true 
Missionary spirit, because it is the most liable of any to be 
supported by an alloy of interested motives; by a utilitarian 
policy, rather than Christian faith, and devotion to the spread 
of the Gospel and the welfare of the race. And we may 
here remark also, that the support of Missions in the Great 
West affords, by no means, the best test of a true Missionary 
spirit. The anxiety which has been extensively manifested 
to plant Christian institutions there, is not in the least sur- 
prising, but, on the contrary, the wonder is, that it has not 
been far more deep and wide. For he who has acquainted 
himself with that region, who has looked upon its broad 
plains, its vast seas and rivers, and its unequalled soil, must 
have felt that, unless some great dispensation of Providence 
should check the progress of our country, the day could not 
be far distant, when the mass of population, and, of course, 
the seat of power in our republic must be there ; that there 
would reside the influence, which would determine the.char- 
acter of our future legislation, and the prosperity of the 
whole country ; especially when he considered, that not only 
foreign lands, but this eastern section of our own land, was 
largely furnishing the population of the West, and that, to a 
great degree, the gain of the West was the loss of the East. 
It is a subject of astonishment, that statesmen and citizens, 
as Well as clergymen, have not been more earnest to mould, 
by a Christian influence, the character of that region, which 
is to exercise so important a control, if not over their own 
interests, certainly over those of their children. There is 
hope of a change in this respect, however, by means of 
the projected facilities of communication between the East 
and the West. And we may rejoice in the piospect of their 
speedy completion, in the faith, that while men are chiefly 
regarding the ease with which they may transport upon them 



43 

their produce and merchandise, the overruling Spirit will 
use them, to engage' the religious feeling, the intellect, and 
the wealth of the East, in a more vigorous and steady effort 
to transfer its own noblest characteristics, religious, moral, 
and intellectual, to that region, which is to take from our 
hand, eventually, the sceptre of political power. While, 
therefore, we do not question, that the Missions to the West 
originate in the highest and purest Christian motives, it 
seem to us, that this religious movement is not so great, as 
even a merely enlightened policy might demand. Since, 
therefore, there might be, extensively and justly, this mixture 
of inferior motive in the religious movement in favor of the 
West, that movement cannot be the best test of a true Mis- 
sionary spirit. 

Obviously, that test is to be found only in Foreign Mis- 
sions ; where the people to be benefited are far distant from 
their benefactors, and connected with them by no near ties, 
by scarce any tie but that of human brotherhood. Among 
such a people, if we strive earnestly and perseveringly to 
plant the Gospel, there is little room for doubt, that we are 
actuated by a sincere love of man and devotion to the Re- 
deemer's cause, by an earnest desire that his blessed reign 
may compass the earth. Some have been disposed, it is 
true, to attribute inferior motives to the active supporters of 
even this work ; but such motives are so improbable, and, 
if they exist, affect so few minds, that the imputation seems 
hardly consistent with an amiable and candid spirit. The 
iron grasp of selfishness is not so easily to be relaxed, that 
many men can be induced to pour forth their treasures 
in this cause for the mere credit of giving ; and so many 
easier and surer paths to glory are open before the active 
laborers, that few will take this one of privation and peril, 
from any motive but the sincerest conviction of duty. With 
regard, then, to the work of Foreign Missions, what is the 



44 

position of American Unitarians ? They are a small de- 
nomination, and if they had never made an effort in this 
cause, the plea that they were not able to extend their Mis- 
sionary operations so far, might be worthy of consideration. 
But having made such an effort, they stand committed, as 
those, who have acknowledged the duty and the imperative 
obligation resting upon them, to do something for the wretch- 
ed slaves of idolatry and superstition. How can any wish 
to recede from this position 1 They claim to be part of the 
Christian Church; and on the Church rests the duty of 
evangelizing the world ; therefore, they certainly, by their 
own claim, impose upon themselves the duty of doing their 
portion, be it what it may, to extend the Saviour's reign 
throughout the earth. In the discharge of this acknowledged 
duty, what then have we done 1 A few preliminary obser- 
vations are necessary to enable us rightly to judge of our 
past efforts in this cause. The only attempt, on the part of 
American Unitarians, to establish a Foreign Mission was 
made at Calcutta, as we have already stated, in connexion 
with Unitarians there and the British and Foreign Unitarian 
Association. The movement was not spontaneous, either 
here or in England. It was owing to an application from 
Calcutta. In that application was contained the striking 
information, that both a Baptist Missionary, and a native 
gentleman of the highest respectability, character, learning, 
and influence, had adopted Unitarian views of Christianity, 
and were anxious, in connexion with one or two others, to 
establish a Mission, in aid of which they solicited the co- 
operation of English and American Unitarians. The idea 
of a Foreign Mission was new among us, and did not meet 
with a ready response. More than a year elapsed before 
any notice was taken of the application. Then, letters of 
inquiry were sent to Calcutta. Answers were received, con- 
taining highly important information in much detail. The 



45 

prominent features of these answers were, that the Missions 
already established in India had been attended with very 
little success, and that this was owing, not to any want of 
zeal or ability in the Missionaries, but to the character of 
the doctrines presented to the natives as Christianity. It was 
urgently stated, that Christianity could never have extensive 
prevalence among the natives of India, unless it were in the 
more simple and reasonable form of Unitarianism. This 
statement was taken up, with great interest, in all that was 
written upon the subject at that time ; it was made the basis 
of eloquent appeals to the denomination, in favor of the 
Mission to Calcutta; and those appeals were neither few 
nor wanting in force. The course of duty seemed to be 
plain. Providence had opened a door of access to the natives 
of India, by the conversion of a distinguished individual 
among them, a man of influence and learning, and certainly 
one of the most remarkable men of his age, and none but the 
views held by us seemed to promise the emancipation of that 
interesting land, from the tyranny of the most debasing super- 
stition. This view was repeatedly urged upon the consciences 
and feelings of Unitarians. And, certainly, we may safely 
believe, that no community of Christians ever received an 
intimation of Providence, that seemed more clearly to point 
out their course of duty in extending the Redeemer's king- 
dom among the heathen. Such was the feeling among those, 
who were active in interesting the people here in the pro- 
posed Mission. A vigorous effort might then have been 
expected throughout the denomination, and an impression in 
regard to this great duty, which would have been long in 
fading from the hearts of the people; nay, which should have 
been indelibly fixed upon them, and continually growing 
deeper. But when we turn to what was actually done, we 
are disappointed. The sum of 87500 was solicited from 
American Unitarians, as their portion of an amount proposed 



46 

to be raised, which should be sufficient to secure the per- 
manency of the Mission, the other portions to be contributed 
in Calcutta and England. On soliciting subscriptions for 
the object, only about 84000 were obtained. The Society 
for the Promotion of Christianity in India, however, pledged 
itself for the sum of $6000, in ten annual remittances of 
$600 each, which pledge they were not called upon to re- 
deem, on account of the resignation of Mr. Adam, and the 
suspension of the Mission. Two remittances were indeed 
sent by the Society, but were returned to them again, as 
has been stated ; so that the Society retained the whole of 
its funds, which have been since invested and accumulating. 
But, though baffled in this first attempt to establish a Foreign 
Mission, we should not expect to see the interest in the 
subject die away immediately, nor the purpose relinquished, 
without another effort in the same quarter, or, if success was 
hopeless there, in another direction. An active Missionary 
spirit would certainly take such a course. But we have 
seen no indication of a second effort ; but rather an antici- 
pation of great influence from the small efforts already made. 
In the Report presented to the American Unitarian Associ- 
ation in May, 1829, we find the following: "In Bengal, 
circumstances have interrupted the services that had been 
undertaken for the direct inculcation of Unitarian Christian- 
ity. Springs have, however, been put in motion in the higher 
class of natives, which, it can scarcely be doubted, will 
hereafter produce a wide and visible change in the faith of 
Hindostan. An acquaintance with the literature of England 
will be the means of religious as well as of intellectual im- 
provement." 

In the Report for the next year, it is said, " The Society 
for the promotion of Christianity in India has valuable 
funds at its disposal, and when a proper opportunity shall 
occur, its officers will be ready to follow the intimations of 



47 

Providence." The question here presents itself, what sort 
of " intimations" would be thought to offer a proper oppor- 
tunity for Missionary effort? To look for such as occurred 
in the case of Rammohun Roy and Mr. Adam, it seems to 
us, would be expecting too much. And are we to wait, till 
a call comes to us from the heathen themselves, to send 
them the Gospel ? Such was not the course of the Apos- 
tles ; neither were their instructions such. Christ said, 
" Go yc into all the world, and preach the Gospel." Ought 
we not rather to make diligent inquiry, to discover if there 
be not some place, where circumstances may favor our 
efforts to introduce a Mission, and if need be, ought we not 
to employ some of the many individuals, who are sailing 
hence to foreign countries, in this special work of inquiry 1 
Opportunities will be little likely to occur, if we wait for 
them to come and offer themselves. But we may ask if no 
opportunity has occurred, in the space of ten years past, 
even without inquiry. In the Report of the Unitarian As- 
sociation for 1829, just quoted, it is said, in immediate con- 
nexion with our quotation above, " In Madras, William 
Roberts, a self-educated native, is zealously engaged in 
instructing his countrymen in the simple Gospel of Christ. 
It may gratify some to learn, that, in a letter just received 
from him, he speaks of his intention to translate into Ta- 
mul the second tract of the first series, published by the 
Association, entitled, ' One Hundred Scriptural Arguments 
for the Unitarian Faith.' " In the Report for the next year 
is this further statement; "No change, by which the condi- 
tion of Christian Unitarianism in Calcutta would be affec- 
ted, has occurred since our last Report. From William 
Roberts, the native teacher near Madras, gratifying intelli- 
gence has been received. He is preparing his sons to assist 
and succeed him in the ministry, and the Committee of the 
British and Foreign Unitarian Association have undertaken 



48 

to educate one of them in England." Here is a native of 
India, who, after being converted to Christianity, became, 
by his own reading and reflection, a Unitarian, and qualified 
himself, as far as his slender means would allow, to instruct 
his brethren in the Christian Faith. And more than this, 
he has associated his sons with him in the work, that it may 
not fail when he dies. This is certainly a remarkable case. 
What is the condition of this individual ? What encour- 
agement has he received from Unitarians in other parts of 
the world? He is a humble person, and has been very 
destitute. But some years since, the English Unitarians 
were induced to extend him aid, and, with their encourage- 
ment, he has prospered in his work. Might not an appro- 
priation, in addition to theirs, have been usefully made by 
American Unitarians, to increase the operations and suc- 
cess of this truly zealous Missionary ? Was not here an 
opportunity for more extended efforts, for the introduction 
of another Missionary, — of an influence that should prove 
widely efficacious in spreading the Gospel of Christ? And 
this too, without interfering with what the English Unitari- 
ans were willing to do? Let us hear what Mr. Roberts 
himself says, in a letter received from him by a gentleman 
in Boston, dated May 31, 1826, from which it appears that 
his labors began so long ago as 1810. He writes thus; 
" Since our existence became known to the respectable 
English Unitarians by my letters, though I have not been 
able to prevail with them to think upon sending a Missiona- 
ry to this country, they have been very kind. I have had 
from them abundance of excellent books, and several re- 
mittances of money." " My printed tracts are eight in 
number, and contain near five hundred pages." " Though 
our printed tracts are a great acquisition, and my lime is 
fully employed to promote the truth, to the best of my hum- 
ble ability, yet the progress is very slow." " More books in 



49 

our own language, more teachers, and a person or two of 
better abilities at the head of Unitarians, are necessary, 
before any impression could be made upon many. That 
Unitarianism will triumph over the superstitions of my 
country, I have no doubt. But the professors of it, and 
teachers, and books in abundance must increase. At pres- 
ent, we are only keeping the truth alive, and bearing our 
humble testimony to it. My books are in my own language, 
Tamul. I have no ability to write and express the contents 
of them in English to the satisfaction of my respectable 
friends ; and they, not knowing what these contain, I am 
afraid that I shall not be able to procure aid sufficient, 
even to keep up our present establishment. My lot is cast 
in difficult times ; may the will of our Heavenly Father be 
done." What more distinct and urgent call for more Mis- 
sionaries can we expect, than this? The English Unitari- 
ans have educated one of Mr. Roberts's sons, who sailed 
from England, on his return to Madras, in February, 
1836. But is it supposed, that he alone will supply all 
the deficiency ? It cannot be. Moreover, who has there 
been to aid Mr. Roberts during the interval between 1826 
and 1836 ? Only two or three native teachers, whom he has 
interested in the work, but whose inadequate abilities and 
acquirements he himself intimates. Where has been the 
Missionary spirit among us, which should have responded to 
this call ? Would it be supposed that we have had in our 
possession, for eight years past, a fund, raised for the express 
purpose of promoting Christianity in India, accumulating 
till it now amounts to $5416-20? Why no portion of this 
fund has been used, in the apparently good opportunity, in 
the pressing necessity, indeed, before us, for the purpose for- 
which it was raised, we are wholly unable to say. All that 
we can say is, that it is difficult to reconcile its disuse with 
the existence of a true and active Missionary spirit in the 
5 



50 

denomination. If any should think that the fund was in- 
tended for the support of a Mission at Calcutta exclusively, 
we may say, that while there has been no opportunity of 
usefulness at Calcutta since 1S28, there has been obvious 
necessity for funds and Missionaries in other parts of In- 
dia, and the consent of the contributors might undoubtedly 
have been obtained to alter the destination of their gifts ; 
and there would be no occasion to fear, that the interests 
of Calcutta would suffer; because, the very fact of this 
fund having been usefully employed and seen to be working 
good, would secure the raising of a strong arm for Calcutta, 
should the time come for a second effort there. The sight 
of good done is a sure stimulus to do more. 

It will be thus seen, that in the department of Foreign 
Missions, that best test of a true Missionary spirit, we have 
done little that can be looked upon with satisfaction. The 
facts are against us. The delay of more than a year, be- 
fore the application of the Calcutta Unitarian Committee 
was noticed, the period of four years, which elapsed before 
important measures were taken for their aid, the obstacles 
and discouragements arising from this delay, which were 
fatal to the success of the second attempt to establish the 
Calcutta Mission, the manner in which the funds raised for 
promoting Christianity in India have been suffered to lie 
inactive, while great need of them, and good opportunities 
for their use existed at Madras, these all form a mournful 
chapter in the history of our Missions. 

Without further remark, the facts we have noticed will 
show very clearly the amount of true Missionary spirit, 
which has existed in the denomination. They are irrecon- 
cilable with a general and constant prevalence of such a 
spirit. But while this is true, it is a source of satisfaction 
to reflect, that there have been many individuals, Who have 
nobly striven to awaken the denomination to a just sense 



51 

of the importance of this great work of Missions. And 
yet, this fact has an aspect extremely discouraging. For 
such have been the prominent ability, zeal, character, and 
influence of those individuals, that we might have securely 
anticipated, that all would be done which ought to be done, 
unless the feeling of the people upon this subject were such 
as to render success more than doubtful. The influence 
and zeal of those persons were a sufficient guaranty, that 
efforts would not be given over or abated for a moment, 
while a prospect of success remained. 

On the causes, which have operated against a spirit of 
active Missionary enterprise among us, much was truly and 
forcibly written, when the Calcutta Mission was agitated. 
To enter far, at present, upon the consideration of them, 
would make it necessary to exceed the contemplated limits 
of this view of our Missions ; and, as there would probably 
be a difference of opinion upon the subject, it may be bet- 
ter, that they should be chiefly left to individual examination 
and reflection. We shall only glance at two or three of the 
more obvious and prominent of these causes. 

The first, we shall notice, is the difficulty of producing a 
general, united action throughout the denomination. The 
history of all general efforts among us, and particularly that 
of the American Unitarian Association, which was designed 
to produce the united action of all, shows clearly that this 
difficulty has existed, and has been a prominent obstacle to 
Missionary as well as other effort. Why is it so? To say 
that it proceeds from any feeling of actual disunion, is to 
assert what the universal and constant harmony and peace 
among us seem evidently to refute. It may more probably 
be ascribed to our form of Church government. Unitari- 
ans, generally, in this country, profess the principles of 
Congregationalism. In practice, however, it may be that 
we have rather verged upon Independency. So great has 



52 

been the fear of the controlling influence of consociations 
and councils, that they have come into disuse, or been re- 
duced to the merest form, and certainly have little or no 
influence in binding us together. Consequently, each So- 
ciety, occupied almost entirely with its own concerns, 
comes to have scarce a relation of sympathy with others, at 
the same time that there exists not the least feeling of op- 
position. Hence has arisen a distaste for associated effort, 
perhaps a jealousy of associations. This feeling has been 
fostered by the opinions of prominent individuals among us, 
whose sense of the dangers of association has been lively 
and deep. Still, it seems to have been found practically 
impossible to proceed, without association of some kind. 
As social beings, we find ourselves drawn to it. By the 
ordination of nature, the individual being weak, and the 
association all-powerful, nothing seems left to us, if we 
would accomplish great ends, but to adopt the principle of 
association ; guarding, of course, in every possible way, 
against the evils that may flow from it. Indeed, the evil is 
not so much in association itself, for this is the ordi- 
nance of God ; but in the loose and irresponsible character 
of many of the associations of the present day. Let their 
objects and principles be well defined, let the duties of their 
officers be definite and fixed, and let the responsibilities of 
these be certain, and not to be escaped from. Then, those 
who furnish the means of carrying on their operations, will 
have security that their gifts are properly applied. Such 
associations are necessary, and must be useful, especially in 
the promotion of benevolent and religious works. If we 
cannot have such associations, if our form of church gov- 
ernment tends directly to disincline us to them, may not 
the interests of the Redeemer's kingdom suffer in conse- 
quence, and the progress of his reign upon earth be retard- 
ed ? And, therefore, may it not well be doubted, whether 



53 

Christ ever intended that his Church should assume such a 
form, prejudicial to its growth and extension ? The ques- 
tion seems worthy of consideration. Extremes are fraught 
with evil. And, however pleasant to the feelings, may be 
a wholly unrestrained liberty and strict individual indepen- 
dence in religious concerns, is it not possible to carry it, in 
them, as well as in civil affairs, to an extent that shall in- 
terfere with the universal good? May not ultraism on this, 
as on other subjects, be aside from the truth ? 

In order to the most efficient Missionary action, a Society 
is needed, that shall produce a general union throughout 
the denomination. The American Unitarian Association is 
the best adapted of any now existing, to accomplish this end, 
by its plan of having an Auxiliary in every religious society. 
But to make it completely efficient, some modifications seem 
necessary. Its operations, at present, are conducted by a 
comparatively small number of those who are actually mem- 
bers, on account of the distance of many Auxiliaries from 
Boston, where meetings are held, and the consequent incon- 
venience of their members attending. Of course, the in- 
terest felt in the Association is much less than it would be, 
if there were a more general participation in the direction of 
its measures. The religious societies being so widely scat- 
tered over the country, there seems no way of effecting this, 
but by the stated meeting, once in two, three, or four years, 
as may be judged proper, of a Convention, composed of del- 
egates from all the Auxiliaries ; which Convention might 
choose a Board of Directors, who should have the superin- 
tendence of all the operations of the Association, in both 
of its distinct departments of Tracts and Missions, and 
should be persons from different parts of the country, that 
the interests and wants of all may be known and consid- 
ered, in the determination of measures. This Board miaht 
be composed of twenty, thirty, or any number judged 
5* 



54 

necessary, and, being a smaller body than the Convention, 
might meet annually, at some central point, for the discus- 
sion of measures, subject, of course, in all things to the ex- 
pressed will of the Convention. Under this Board, and 
appointed by it, might be three Committees ; one, chosen to 
manage the Tract department, another, the department of 
Domestic Missions, and the other, that of Foreign Mis- 
sions. These Committees should be composed of persons, 
residing at or near the place, where the business transac- 
tions of the Association, such as the printing of the 
Tracts, &c, could be most conveniently carried on, and 
should be subject to the Board of Directors. We should 
then have a Convention, once in a convenient number of 
years, as three, for instance, in which all the Auxiliaries 
would be represented by one or more delegates from each. 
Its meeting would be a season of great interest, and a time, 
not only for speaking, but for action ; for devising measures, 
and ways and means, for hearing the reports of the Board 
of Directors, and of the Committees under them, and for 
considering all the interests of the Tract and Missionary 
enterprises. But such a Convention could not meet fre- 
quently. Hence the necessity of a Board of Directors, 
who could meet oftener, as once a year for instance ; in 
whose wisdom and experience the denomination could con- 
fide. This Board may seem to some all that is wanted, 
without the Committees under it. But the contrary will 
appear, from the obvious importance of this Board being 
not a local body, but composed of members from all parts 
of the Union, that the interests of all may be represented 
in this body, no less than in the Convention ; as it would be 
the province of this Board to determine upon measures, in 
the exigences and interval between the meetings of the 
Convention. Another body is therefore necessary for the 
execution of measures, and this must necessarily be local ; 



55 

and, by dividing it into three Committees, each of which 
shall superintend a separate department, namely, that of 
the Tract, of the Domestic, and of the Foreign Missions, 
a better attention will be secured to each. There is also a 
propriety in making the departments distinct, in order that 
each individual, contributing funds, may be allowed to 
designate the particular object to which he would have his 
funds applied ; as some think much of the distribution of 
Tracts, who are less willing to support Missions, and some 
are in favor of Domestic Missions, who are not so well dis- 
posed towards Foreign. And in this way, also, we see not 
why all obstacles will not be removed, that might reasonably 
prevent the union of all the Tract and Missionary Societies 
now existing, with the Association ; so that there would be 
one operative body, in which the interests of all would be 
represented, and one concentrated effort throughout the 
denomination. By such a union, the ability of the Associ- 
ation would be increased, and it would immediately have 
the power of entering upon the Foreign department of Mis- 
sions, which has not hitherto been included among its ob- 
jects. 

These are merely thoughts which have occurred to the 
writer, during his residence in a distant part of the country, 
where he had some opportunity of observing the general 
feeling upon this subject. They will have to many, un- 
doubtedly, the aspect of too much concentration. But we 
may ask, is not the alternative before the denomination, 
either to adopt such concentration, or to linger dissatisfied 
and conscience-stricken, in the present course of compara- 
tively inefficient effort for the spread of the Redeemer's 
kingdom ? 

Another check to the spirit of Missionary enterprise among 
us, has been the fear of acting a sectarian part ; and the feel- 
ing arising from this, that, as other denominations were in 



56 

the field, those who needed Christian institutions would not 
suffer, if we were not there, and that, therefore, there was 
no especial need of our moving in their behalf. With re- 
gard to the last reason, that the work would probably be 
done, whether we took any part in it or not, it may simply 
be asked, whether any body of men can justly refrain from 
performing a duty, which is acknowledged to be binding 
upon them as a part of the Christian Church, because some 
other part of the Church may do it for them ; at the same 
time, that they have not really the slightest authority for 
believing that the work, which belongs to them to do, will 
be done by any other body of men. Manifestly, the neglect 
cannot be justified. With regard to the first reason, the 
fear of acting a sectarian part, we may ask, is the propaga- 
tion simply of any peculiar class of views to be regarded as 
sectarian, in the bad sense of the word? Obviously not. 
Then sectarianism, in its odious sense, has relation to the 
spirit with which any peculiar class of views may be propa- 
gated ; to the spirit of contention, to the abusive, unjust, or 
oppressive measures, that may be used in propagating them. 
If any one, therefore, fears that he may be sectarian in la- 
boring for the spread of his peculiar views, this is a reason 
why he should be careful to strive in love, but no reason for 
neglecting to extend the knowledge of what he believes to 
be truth. 

But the indisposition of many Unitarians to labor for the 
spread of their peculiar views, which passes for the fear of 
being sectarian, arises from the feeling, that their own views 
are not so important, that they should make direct efforts to 
change a brother's faith, who thinks differently from them. 
If any are disposed to inquire, they will aid them, and are 
very happy to see their own views extending ; but farther 
they are unwilling to go. Here it may be asked — if the 
difference between the views of Unitarians and other denomi- 



57 

nations is so little important, why do they exist as a distinct 
body of Christians 1 If their distinctive tenets are not of 
such consequence, that they feel bound to make efforts for 
their spread, if Unitarianism has not a vitality of its own, if 
the system cannot maintain a vigorous separate existence, 
why then was the difference ever so agitated, as to produce 
a separation between ours and other denominations ? Why 
add another to the many divisions in Christ's church, and 
thus weaken its power to go forward, " in unity of spirit," to 
the rescue of the world from moral death? The thorough 
Unitarian unquestionably believes that his own views are the 
truth of the Gospel ; what the Saviour actually taught, as 
distinguished from what he may be falsely believed to liave 
taught. He, therefore, in contending for his own views, 
must feel himself to be contending for Christianity; and he, 
on the other hand, who is not willing to labor for the spread 
of his own views, either cannot have a complete faith that 
they are the truth of Christianity, or must think them not 
essentially important. If the last is his view, it is manifestly 
his duty, instead of raising up a new sect, to join the one 
already existing, which comes nearest to his own views of 
right. Therefore, if those, by whose instrumentality the 
separation took place in this country, did not regard their 
own views as essentially important, they committed a most 
unfortunate error, in dwelling upon them to such a degree, 
as to induce the separation. But they undoubtedly did re- 
gard the difference between themselves and other denomina- 
tions as very important, and felt themselves bound, as cham- 
pions of truth, to proclaim it. And we cannot see how any 
one, who is thoroughly Unitarian, can consistently decline 
to labor for the spread of his own views. All denominations 
must do the same, if they regard their tenets as the truth of 
Christianity. But all must beware, that they do it in love ; 
not as of Paul, or Cephas, or Apollos, but as of Christ. 



58 

A third reason, which has deterred many from favoring 
the enterprise of Missions, and especially of Foreign Mis- 
sions, has been the manner in which this cause has been 
advocated, supported, and conducted by some other denomi- 
nations. — It maybe true, that mistakes and imprudence 
have sometimes distinguished the proceedings of other 
Christians, in this great and difficult work. We are not 
disposed to question the assertion, nor do we appear as their 
apologists. But granting the fact, is it any reason, why those 
should take no part in the work, who think they see wherein 
others have erred, and therefore must feel themselves to be 
better qualified for the work, than those who have hitherto 
engaged in it? Do they not place themselves in a very un- 
amiable light, who go into the field, merely to sit down upon 
the wall, and make their remarks upon the reapers, while 
themselves touch not a finger to the sickle, to show their hard- 
working brethren a better way to gather the harvest of souls ? 
Should we not rather remember, that they, who went into 
the vineyard to labor, even at the eleventh hour, received a 
reward, which they would never have obtained by standing 
idle in the market-place "? Is it not to be feared, that much 
has been said respecting the Missionary operations of other 
denominations, in which there has been too little reason, as 
well as too little charity? And when a few disciples have 
gathered together here and there, and, confiding in the 
Saviour's promise, " Ask, and ye shall receive," and in the 
Apostle's assurance, that " the fervent prayer of the righteous 
availeth much," have commended this cause to the blessing 
of God, is there not reason to fear, that many have looked 
upon them with a spirit of lightness and irreverence ; and 
have been ready to cry, " Fanaticism," at what has been 
often, we may say, generally, an exhibition of sober, rational 
trust in the superintending Providence of God? Surely, 
when we look upon our own labors in the cause of Foreign 



59 

Missions, it would seem to become us to speak very consid- 
erately and charitably of the astonishing exertions of others; 
to strive rather to improve by the view of their errors, than 
to make those errors a reason for doing nothing. 

We have thus contemplated our efforts in the cause of 
Missions, as we proposed, in the spirit of humble, candid, 
impartial self-examination. The conclusion of every reader 
must be, that, notwithstanding the difficulties alluded to at 
the commencement of this view, as incidental to the peculiar 
position of the denomination, Unitarians in this country have 
had the power to do far more, for the cause of Missions, than 
they have done. And this, we believe, is a familiar and 
very general conviction. At the last anniversary of the 
American Unitarian Association, the remark was made, that 
" we need Mission movements, as well as Mission talking 
and preaching." That there was ground for the remark is 
evident from the following, taken from the Report of 1830. 
" The people are thirsting for instruction. They call to us 
to give it to them from the press and from the pulpit — in 
the silent pamphlet, and through the living teacher. We 
cannot refuse them without a pang, keener than his, who is 
obliged to see bodily want that he cannot relieve. Here 
are the wants of the mind, its immortal wants, lifting up the 
cry for help." In contrast with these words, the general 
Missionary appropriations of the Association, for the year 
ending when the above report was made, amounted to only 
$235; while, after all the expenses of the year were paid, 
there remained in the treasury $92695, subject to such 
appropriation ; and at the end of the previous year, there 
had remained a similar balance of $1224-48. " The Mis- 
sion movements" did not correspond with "the Mission 
talking." 

That we may see, in a single view, the proportion of the 



60 

Missionary effort to the ability of the denomination, let us 
look at a simple statement. The appropriations for Missions 
throughout the denomination, during the year ending May 30, 
1837, the last of which we have an official account, did not 
exceed $9400. Of this, 82100 were from funds given, in 
former years, to the various Missionary associations of the 
denomination ; leaving only $7300, as the amount contributed 
among us to the cause of Missions, during that year. How 
does this compare with the ability of the denomination? 
There are now computed to be two hundred and twenty-one 
Societies ; but as some of these are new and feeble, let us 
place the number at two hundred. It is certainly taking a 
moderate average to say, that fifty persons in each of these 
Societies are able to make a monthly offering of twenty-five 
cents for the support of Missions. This, during a year, 
would be for an individual, three dollars ; for a Society, 
$150; and for the whole two hundred Societies, $30,000; 
about four times the amount contributed among us for this 
object, during the last year of which we have an official 
account ; and this, too, by placing the monthly offering at 
so reasonable a sum, and supposing only fifty persons in 
each Society able to make it, whereas, in some of our Socie- 
ties, the number were better placed at three hundred. 

This statement shows, conclusively, how small has been 
the Missionary effort, compared with the ability of the de- 
nomination ; it shows, abundantly, that there has accumu- 
lated a vast debt, due from us to the cause of Christ, to dis- 
charge which we are even now scarcely preparing. 

We have spoken, perhaps strongly, of our inactivity in 
the cause of Missions, and we have favorably regarded 
Foreign Missions ; two points, on which the universal sym- 
pathy of our brethren may not be with us. But let them 
not therefore conclude at once, that we entertain extravagant 
notions of the power and success of Missions, or that the 



61 

vision of a speedily converted world is arrayed before us. 
" Of the times and the seasons," knowing nothing, we have 
nothing to say. We have no Millennial prophecy to utter. 
Issues are in the hand of God. "In the fulness of time, he 
sent forth his Son," and, in the fulness of time, the Son will 
deliver up the kingdom, having subdued all things to him- 
self. But, slow as the progress of Christianity may seem, 
few as are the intimations of the approach of that day, when 
" All Flesh shall see the salvation of God," there is one point 
that is clear, and beyond which we need not be anxious to 
look. The work is plainly before us, though the end be 
veiled from sight. Nothing can be more evident, as far as 
we have any knowledge of the subject, than that the triumph 
of Christianity, if it shall advance, is to be wrought by the 
labors of the great body of believers, who have felt the power 
and blessedness of the Gospel. On the influences of the 
Spirit, to make those labors effectual, we may indeed rely. 
But God has given no intimation of any future supernatural 
interposition, for the spread of the Redeemer's kingdom 
Yet, undoubtedly, the interests of that kingdom have been 
left, where, in the view of Infinite Wisdom, they were seen 
to be safe. But what a responsibility, resting on those who 
have received the Gospel, does this bring to our view ? 
May not the Christian Church well tremble, in view of what 
it has been doing, compared with what it has to do? Who, 
that seriously and closely meditates upon this subject, will 
not be oppressed by his sense of the greatness of the work, 
which Christianity, living and active in the hearts of Christ- 
ians, is to accomplish in the world 1 Such an one will never 
believe, that that work may be quietly left to the natural 
course of things, to the operation of casual influences, that 
may be active in the world. He will never believe, that the 
feeble, disconnected efforts of here and there an awakened 
Christian, will cause the knowledge of Christ to compass the 
6 



62 

earth. He will be satisfied, that nothing can do the work, 
but an irrepressible spirit of Christian life, that cannot rest 
without action for the Redeemer's cause, pervading the 
whole body of believers; nothing, but a general, true, and 
deep enthusiasm. Let us not be misunderstood. We say, 
enthusiasm. Fanaticism will never do it. An excitement, 
not based on individual conviction, the offspring of sympathy, 
depending for its life on the continuance of the external 
stimulus that gave it being, is too fitful a flame to purify the 
world. Its brightest flash may be the last. The refining 
fire, that shall subdue it, must burn with a steadier and en- 
during heat. The experienced power and blessing of Chris- 
tianity in the soul, the New Life in each believer's heart, 
prompting him to communicate what he has felt to be so 
great a good, urging him, with lively gratitude, to be a faithful 
Soldier of the Cross, and to discharge all his duty to Jesus 
Christ, and to the world for which He died, this, — enlisting 
in the cause, not a fiery multitude, deriving all its impulse 
and direction from a few leaders, but the concentrated indi- 
viduality of all, their might and weakness, wealth and pov- 
erty, the rich man's thousands and the widow's mite, with an 
impulse, coming from the self-moved, or, more truly, heaven- 
moved heart of each, — this is the general, true, and deep 
enthusiasm of Christians, which is to accomplish the great 
work of Christianity in the world. And most especially must 
that spirit, which essays to proclaim "good tidings" on the 
outposts of the Church, be full of this enthusiasm ; no slave 
of sympathy, but sufficient for itself; feeling never lonely, in 
a lonely work ; a deep well, never to be exhausted by the 
copious and unceasing draughts on its rich springs ; a fire, 
lighted from no neighboring altar, but divinely kindled and 
spontaneous in the fleshly tabernacle where it lives ; eternal 
as the Vestal flame, without the need of Vestal to attend 
and feed it. 



63 

If such enthusiasm is the only power which can convert 
the -u>rld ; if fanaticism, with all its impetus and heat, will 
fail, how little is to be expected from that extreme of cool- 
ness and moderation, which is disposed to let things take 
their course, and suffer the world to go on its way, in the 
easy faith, that God will perform his own work in his own 
time. Such a spirit finds no countenance in the Gospel. It 
is an indolent and selfish spirit. It denies the obligations, 
which the possession of Christianity imposes on us ; is willing 
to enjoy its faith and promises and hopes, to expatiate, with 
ever increasing delight, on the pure spirit, the majestic truth, 
and boundless visions of felicity it unfolds, and yet, to its 
shame, is little moved with compassion for a World, from 
which this infinite prospect is shut out; a World, lying, 
" without God and without hope," in the night of Idolatry 
and the death of Sin, but — the same World, for which even 
the Son of God was content to suffer and die. There is evi- 
dently something wrong, when professed followers of Jesus 
Christ exhibit so little of " the mind which was in him ; " 
a grievous falling away from the spirit of the early times, 
when the heralds of the Gospel were continually engaged in 
planting new churches, and not only so, but when the estab- 
lished churches universally acknowledged and performed 
the duty of fostering these tender vines, and of sending aid to 
needy arid distressed brethren everywhere. 

If such be the work before us, and such the power which 
alone can compass it, what remains, but that we address 
ourselves to it, earnestly, with a deep faith and trustful hope; 
that we " be not weary in well doing," knowing that 
" in due season we shall reap, if we faint not?" Let us 
repose on the promises of God ; pray " that the word of the 
Lord may have free course and be glorified;" and, in the 
small vision of results, which he now vouchsafes to his Church, 
be anxious only, that we may faithfully discharge all our 



64 

obligations to his cause, in our day and generation. And 
may He, without whom we are nothing, be graciously pl/p ^ed 
to strengthen our weakness, to pardon our unworthiness, and 
to accept us, as useful, though humble instruments, in accom- 
plishing his Divine will. 



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